# Summary Statistics — Innovation/R&D Panel

| Variable | N | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| patent_total | 1,326 | 16406.149 | 61016.172 | 1.000 | 439175.000 |
| patents_per_million | 1,257 | 345.749 | 727.525 | 0.167 | 4597.218 |
| nonres_patent_share | 1,308 | 0.572 | 0.351 | 0.005 | 1.000 |
| hightech_exports_share | 930 | 12.317 | 12.661 | 0.000 | 85.523 |
| scientific_articles | 1,755 | 8309.844 | 22515.954 | 0.000 | 207390.380 |
| fdi_inflows_gdp | 2,224 | 12.189 | 86.542 | -1303.108 | 1709.827 |
| fdi_outflows_gdp | 1,856 | 6.132 | 52.879 | -382.687 | 1509.002 |
| Z_1 | 8,295 | -1.267 | 1.365 | -3.981 | 3.539 |
| Z_2 | 8,295 | -20.171 | 21.547 | -60.855 | 71.576 |
| Z_3 | 8,295 | -291.546 | 311.190 | -849.878 | 1248.709 |
| old_dep | 8,295 | 0.125 | 0.092 | 0.010 | 1.099 |
| youth_dep | 8,295 | 0.495 | 0.236 | 0.118 | 1.216 |
| rgdp_growth | 6,461 | 3.398 | 6.260 | -54.336 | 147.973 |
| kaopen | 5,807 | 0.199 | 1.561 | -1.939 | 2.281 |